Hazaras in Pakistan

Hazaras in Pakistan

Further information: Afghans in Pakistan

Muhammad Musa, Pakistan'sChief of Army Staff from 1958 to 1966

Hazaras had been seasonal menial workers in British India, who came here in winter months to work in coal mines, road construction and in other menial labor jobs during the British expansion in Sindh, Balochistan, and northwest frontier. The earliest record of Hazaras in the areas of present day Pakistan is found in Broad-foot's Sappers company from 1835 in Quetta. This company had also participated in the first Anglo Afghan war. Hazaras also worked in the agriculture farms in Sindh and construction of Sukkur barrage. Haider Ali Karmal Jaghori was a prominent political thinker of the Hazara people in Pakistan writing about the Political history of Hazara people. His work Hazaraha wa Hazarajat Bastan Dar Aiyna-e-Tarikh was published in Quetta in 1992, and another work by Aziz Tughyan Hazara Tarikh Milli Hazara was published in 1984 in Quetta.

In Pakistan today, most of the Hazara people live in the city of Quetta, in Balochistan province. Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mehr Abad. The Hazara ethnic minority has been facing discrimination in the province for a long time, nevertheless, bloody violence perpetrated against the community has risen very sharply in recent years.^[46][47][48] Some 800 people including women and children have been killed either in suicide attacks or targeted shootings.^[49] No one has been arrested to this date in connection with these killings.^{[citation needed]}

Literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high^{[citation needed]} and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman was one of the first female pilots in Pakistan Air Force. Other notable Hazara include Qazi Mohammad Esa, General Muhammad Musa, who served as Commander in Chief of the Pakistani Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal(r) Sharbat Ali Changezi, Hussain Ali Yousafi slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party,^[50] Syed Nasir Ali Shah, MNA from Quetta. Agha Abbas and his son Agha Ghulam Ali, owners of Agha Juice, a famous fruit juice outlet in the country since 1960, who were murdered in ^[51] May 2003 and jan 2007. The political representation of the community is served by Hazara Democratic Party, a secular liberal democratic party, headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara.^[52][53]

[edit]Hazaras in Iran

Further information: Afghans in Iran

Over the many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan many Hazaras have migrated to Iran. They have complained of maltreatments in Iran. In March 2011, Eurasia Daily Monitor reported that representatives of Hazaras community in Iran have asked Mongolia to intervene in supporting their case with Iranian government and prevent Iranian forced repatriation to Afghanistan.^[54] They are lots of Hazaras in Europa and America.

[edit]Culture

Main article: Hazaragi culture

Hazara girls wearing red traditional hijabssitting next to Tajik and Pashtun girls inGhazni, Afghanistan.

The Hazara, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, and in many cases are quite Persianized. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers and although sedentary like the Tajiks, in the Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, some of which are more closely related to those of Central Asia than to Iran.^[19][55][56] For instance, many Hazara musicians are widely hailed as being skilled in playing the dambura, a regional and native instrument, a lute instrument similarly found in other Central Asian nations such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

[edit]Food and cuisine

Main article: Hazaragi cuisine

[edit]Language

Further information: Persian language, Dari Persian, Hazaragi, and Mogholi language

Hazaras living in rural areas speak Hazaragi, an eastern dialect of the Persian language^[57][58] with a significant number of Mongolicloan words.^{[42] [59][60]}

Many of the urban Hazaras in the larger cities such as Kabul and Mazari Sharif no longer speak Hazaragi but speak standard literary Persian (usually the Kābolī dialect) or regional varieties of Persian (for example the Khorāsānī dialect in the western region of Herat).

Until recently, a very small number of Hazaras near Herat still spoke the Moghol language, a Mongolic language once spoken by rebels against the Mongol armies of the Il-Khanat.^[61]

[edit]Religion

Further information: Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan and Shi'a Islam in Pakistan

Masjid Jame in Kabul during construction in 2008, which is the largest Shia mosque in Afghanistan.^[62]

Hazaras are predominantly Shi'a Muslims, mostly of the Twelver sect^[63] and some Ismaili.^[3]Since the majority of Afghans practice Sunni Islam, this probably contributed to the discrimination against the Hazaras.^[13] Hazaras probably converted from Sunnism to Shi'ism during the reign of the Il-Khanate ruler Oljeitu (1304–1316), or during the first part of the 16th century, in the early days of the Safavid Dynasty.^[64] Nonetheless, a small number of Hazaras are Sunni.^[3] Sunni Hazaras have been attached to non-Hazara tribes while the Ismaili Hazaras have always been kept separate from the rest of the Hazaras on account of religious beliefs and political purposes.

[edit]Hazara tribes

Main article: List of Hazara tribes

The Hazara people have been organized by various tribes. The daizangi are the largest tribe, representing 57.2% of the Hazara population.^{[citation needed]} However, more recently and since the inclusion of the Hazaras into the "Afghan state", tribal affiliations have been disappearing and former tribal names Sheikh Ali, Jaghori, Ghaznichi, Behsoodi, Uruzgani, and Daiznagi are also disappearing. The different Hazara tribes come from regions such as Parwan, Bamyan, and Ghazni.

[edit]Sports

Rohullah Nikpai, an ethnic Hazara, won a bronze medal in taekwondo in the Beijing Olympics 2008, beating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4–1 in a play-off final. It was Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He also won the second olympic medal for Afghanistan in London 2012 games. Afghanistan's first female Olympic athlete Friba Razayee competed in judo at the 2004 Athens Olympics, but was eliminated in the first round of competition. Other famous Hazara athletes are Syed Abdul Jalil Waiz (Badminton) and Ali Hazara (Football). Syed Abdul Jalil Waiz was the first ever Badminton player representing Afghanistan in Asian Junior Championships in 2005 where he produced the first win for his country against Iraq, with 15–13, 15–1. He participated in several international championships since 2005 and achieved victories against Australia, Philippines and Mongolia. Syed Abrar Hussain Shah, a boxer, competed in the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984, the Seoul Olympics 1988, and the New Zealand Commonwealth Games in 1990. In Pakistan, Hazaras have excelled in sports and have received numerous awards particularly in boxing, football and in field hockey. Qayum Changezi was a legendary football player in Pakistan. They are lots of tribes in Hazarajat like the Turkmun, Sheikh Ali, Shibargi, Besoud.

[edit]Discrimination

Main article: Persecution of Hazara people

[edit]Notable people

Main article: List of Hazara people

[edit]See also

Hazara people portal

• Hazaragi dialect
• Persian people
• Iranian peoples
• Aimaq people
• Nikudari
• Hazara Town
• Hezbe Wahdat
• Mehrabad Alamdar Road
• Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

[edit]Notes and references

1. ^ ^a b "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved August 7, 2012. "9% of 30,419,928 total population (2012 est.) = 7,737,793"
2. ^ The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is estimated at about 48,090. Ethnic Hazaras make up an estimated 9% of the total Afghan population according to the latest World Factbook. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada
3. ^ ^a b c The Afghans, Their History and Culture, Religion
4. ^ L. Dupree, "Afghānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy", in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, (LINK).
5. ^ CIA World Factbook.
6. ^ "A survey of the Afghan people - Afghanistan in 2006", The Asia Foundation, technical assistance by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS; India) and Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research (ACSOR), Kabul, 2006, PDF.
7. ^ Kamal Hyder reports (12 Nov 2011). "Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar". Aljazeer English. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
8. ^ "Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 2010-09-18. "In 1996, approximately 40 percent of Afghans were Pashtun, 11.4 of whom are of the Durrani tribal group and 13.8 percent of the Ghilzai group. Tajiks make up the second largest ethnic group with 25.3 percent of the population, followed by Hazaras, 9-18 percent; Uzbeks, 6.3 percent; Turkmen, 2.5 percent; Qizilbash, 1.0; 6.9 percent other."
9. ^ Z. M. Babur, Babur-nama, Lahore, 1987. P.p 300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251-53
10. ^ H. F. Schurmann, The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan, La Haye, 1962, p. 115
11. ^ Hassan Poladi, The Hazâras, Stockton, 1989., p. 22
12. ^ S.A Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan:An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study, Richmond, 1998., pp. 23-25
13. ^ ^a b c "HAZĀRA". Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer. United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 2003. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
14. ^ Hartl, Daniel L.; Jones, Elizabeth W., Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, p. 308
15. ^ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991) Genghis Khan: His Life and LegacyBlackwell, Oxford, UK, p. 164, ISBN 0-631-18949-1
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY". Alessandro Monsutti. United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 2003. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
17. ^ ^a bhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0214_030214_genghis_2.htmlGenghis Khan a Prolific Lover, DNA Data Implies
18. ^
    • "The Hazara Tribes in Afghanistan" in (1959) Collection of papers presented: International Symposium on History of Eastern and Western Cultural Contacts (1957: Tokyo and Kyoto) Japanese National Commission for Unesco, Tokyo, p. 61 9240301
    • Quintana-Murci, Lluís et al. (May 2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 834–35.
    • Debets, G. F. (1970) Physical Anthropology of Afghanistan: I–II (translated from Russian) Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., OCLC 90304
    • Rubin, Barnett R. (2002) The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the international systemYale University Press, New Haven, Conn., page 30, ISBN 0-300-05963-9
19. ^ ^a b Jochelson, Waldemar (1928) Peoples of Asiatic RussiaAmerican Museum of Natural History, New York, p. 33, OCLC 187466893, also available in microfiche edition
20. ^ Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events
21. ^ Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events
22. ^ Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, Daniel L. Hartl, Elizabeth W. Jones, p. 309.
23. ^ Rosenberg, Noah A. et al. (December 2002). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science (New Series) 298(5602): 2381–85.
24. ^ Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor
25. ^http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181978/figure/FG1/
26. ^ Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; Mehdi, SQ; Edmonds, CA; Chow, CE; Lin, AA; Mitra, M et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics 78(2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230.PMID 16400607. "8/176 R-M73 and 5/176 R-M269 for a total of 13/176 R1b in Pakistan and 4/728 R-M269 in India"
27. ^ Table 3: Complete Data Set of Y-Chromosomal HGs, Numbers of Repeats at 10 Microsatellite Loci, and Descriptions of Populations
28. ^http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx
29. ^ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
30. ^ ^a b c Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998) [1997]. The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study. Richmond, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17386-5.
31. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (March 1, 2001). Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Paperback ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08902-8.
32. ^ "Pg 33. ''Sultan Ali Kishtmand had remained Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 10 January 1981 to 26 May 1990, with a brief break of about nine months, when Dr Hassan Sharq replaced him from 20 June 1988 to ...''". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
33. ^ "Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War - Brian Glyn Williams - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
34. ^ Human Rights Watch (February 2001). "Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras". hrw.org. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
35. ^ ^a b Larson, Marisa (Jun 17, 2008). "Hazara People".National Geographic. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
36. ^ Sappenfield, Mark (August 6, 2007). "Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
37. ^ "Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament". Pajhwok.com. 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
38. ^ (27 Feb, 2012) Afghanistan set to host second national ski race wanderlust.co.uk
39. ^ Levinson, Charles (March 6, 2012) Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill wsj.com
40. ^ ^a b Afghan nomad clashes raise fears of ethnic strife
41. ^ "Afghan Overture to Taliban Aggravates Ethnic Tensions".New York Times, 27 June 2010.
42. ^ ^a b "AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography". L. Dupree. United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 1983.
43. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005) War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan Routledge, New York, ISBN 0-415-97508-5
44. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005) (in English, translated by Patrick Camiller). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97508-5.
45. ^ Australia ships out Afghan refugees BBC News.
46. ^ Gunmen kill 11 in Pakistan sectarian attack July 31, 2011 samaa.tv
47. ^ Saba, Imtiaz Massacre in Mastung September 21, 2011, foreignpolicy.com
48. ^ Suspected sectarian attack in Pakistan kills 13 Oct 4, 2011, reuters.com
49. ^ Siddique, Abubakar and Nasar, Khudainoor Pakistan's Tiny Hazara Minority Struggles To Survive October 04, 2011, Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty | RFERL.org
50. ^ "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'" BBC News, 26 January 2009
51. ^ "KARACHI: Three shot dead -DAWN - Local; May 26, 2002". Archives.dawn.com. 2002-05-26. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
52. ^ "Balochistan's Hazaras speak out — Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara". Dawn.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
53. ^ "List of Political parties". Hazarapress.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
54. ^ McDermott, Roger. "For the last 20 years Hazara elements have appealed for Mongolian sanctuary and support to prevent Iranian forced repatriation to Afghanistan". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
55. ^ Schurmann, Franz (1962) The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, OCLC 401634
56. ^ Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1991) The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic, and Political Study, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-312-17386-5
57. ^ "HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect". Charles M. Kieffer. United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 2003. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
58. ^ Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, page 17, OCLC 401634
59. ^ Malistani, A. H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993)Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi - Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary A. H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, OCLC 33814814
60. ^ Farhadi, A. G. Ravan (1955). Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol. Paris.
61. ^ Michael Weiers. 2003. "Moghol", The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248-264.
62. ^ Hashimi, Zar. "Masjid Jame, Kabul | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
63. ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica - Hazara (Race)
64. ^ "Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present, By Gilles Dorronsoro, pg.44". Books.google.com.au. Retrieved 2012-07-30.

[edit]Further reading